They also looked west, settling in Brazil. In 1418, the Portuguese came upon the Madeira Islands and established a colony at Porto Santo. Malintzin translated for Corts in his dealings with Moctezuma and, whether willingly or under pressure, entered into a physical relationship with him. However, when Columbus in fact discovered America, the subsequent discoveries of indigenous peoples led the Catholic country to move beyond pure trade goals to establish lasting colonies that would add to Spain's greatness and spread Catholicism to the New World. The Spanish explorers hoped to find cities of gold, so they made their discoveries sound as wonderful as possible in these letters to convince the Spanish crown to fund more voyages. Indeed, the Spanish created an empire across two continents, and the world would never be the same. As they died, new workers were needed. The regions through which he traveled were not empty areas waiting to be discovered: rather, they were populated and controlled by the groups of native peoples indicated. The Economic Causes of European Maritime Exploration Various economic factors led some European monarchs, royal families, and states to support early maritime explorations financially. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. The carrack first appeared, historians believe, in the late 13th and early 14th centuries. THE SPANISH GOLDEN AGE The exploits of European explorers had a profound impact both in the Americas and back in Europe. This two-volume book (1605 and 1618) told a colorful tale of an hidalgo (gentleman) who reads so many tales of chivalry and knighthood that he becomes unable to tell reality from fiction. Ottoman Turks controlled much of the land routes to the East, and they initially charged exorbitant taxes for traders to get through. The spread of Christianity to native populations. However, they also brought disease and existing conflicts between European nations. For example, the mariner's astrolabe, which helped to plot location by measuring the altitude of the sun and stars. . Hernando Corts was part of the generation of Spanish colonizers that began the first phase of the Spanish colonization of the Americas. It was able to amplify the power of Undead army by several magnitudes. Islamic states had dominated. In 1519, he entered Tenochtitln, the capital of the Aztec (Mexica) Empire. Then, when they found Amerindians, they wanted to colonize and convert them, as well as have access to their gold. explored isthmus of panama. The most famous of these Spanish adventurers are Christopher Columbus (who, though Italian himself, explored on behalf of the Spanish monarchs), Hernn Corts, and Francisco Pizarro. The Portuguese built an empire from 1420 onwards that was largely composed of trade centres dotted around the coasts of three continents. De Gama's successful venture created a greater demand than ever before for overseas trades along the African coast. The Portuguese took the lead. He and his followers explored what is now Florida, Georgia, the Carolinas, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Louisiana, and Texas. One such explorer, Francisco Pizarro, made his way to the Spanish Caribbean in 1509, drawn by the promise of wealth and titles. Many ideas and methods of expansion were flowed along over time. They started in the Caribbean with a settlement at Santo Domingo on Hispaniola in 1496 and moved on to other islands. An exchange of ideas, fueled and financed in part by New World commodities, began to connect European nations and, in turn, to touch the parts of the world that Europeans conquered. 1531 The Spanish started the trade of potatoes, pineapples, turkey, dahlias, sunflowers, magnolia, maize, chillies and chocolate across the Atlantic. Inspired by tales of rivers of gold and timid, malleable natives, later Spanish explorers were relentless in their quest for land and gold. The Spanish explorers were in search of mineral wealth, looking for El Dorado (the City of Gold) and they aspired to spread Christianity. The marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile in 1469 unified Catholic Spain and began the process of building a nation that could compete for worldwide power. The two went hand in hand and produced individuals who both exploited the natives and truly wanted to help them. It also established trading posts in China and Japan. The Portuguese took firm control of trade with the Far East. The Spanish monarchs knew that Portuguese mariners had reached the southern tip of Africa and sailed the Indian Ocean. Slaves lived in the dungeon for weeks or months until ships arrived to transport them to Europe or the Americas. They wanted to spread catholic culture in whole world. The disease took a heavy toll on the people in Tenochtitln, playing a much greater role in the citys demise than did Spanish force of arms. Spanish relationships with the natives tended to vary depending on the person. Large numbers of Spanish people came to live and work in their new lands of Central and South America. NYFA's Bachelor of Fine Arts (BFA) degree programs are designed to provide students with a concentrated education in film, media, and entertainment, supported by an exploration of the liberal arts and sciences. This button displays the currently selected search type. The Portuguese also traded these slaves, introducing much-needed human capital to other European nations. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. Negative and Positive Impact of Portuguese Exploration by Seb. The overland routes involved terrain that was unforgiving and dangerous, and merchants couldn't trust that they would always be safe. Overview. Cartographers developed new ways of mapping. Spain and Portugal divided the New World by drawing a north-to-south line of demarcation in the Atlantic Ocean, about 100 leagues (555 . Magellan and Joo Serro were the only Portuguese captains, with Magellan in charge of the largest ship, the Trinidad, and Serro at the helm of the Santiago. Essay Sample. What does this letter show us about Spanish objectives in the New World? Below are excerpts from Columbuss 1493 letter to Luis de Santngel, which illustrates how fantastic reports from European explorers gave rise to many myths surrounding the Spanish conquest and the New World. The Portuguese also traded these slaves, introducing much-needed human capital to other European nations. Thousands of Spaniards flocked to the Americas seeking wealth and status. As many of those eventually sank, shipwrecks may represent a local source of mercury contamination in the marine environment. In the 15th century the Portuguese started exploring new lands. In 1482, Portuguese traders built Elmina Castle (also called So Jorge da Mina, or Saint Georges of the Mine) in present-day Ghana, on the west coast of Africa ([link]). The Hapsburg dynasty, which ruled a collection of territories including Austria, the Netherlands, Naples, Sicily, and Spain, encouraged and financed the work of painters, sculptors, musicians, architects, and writers, resulting in a blooming of Spanish Renaissance culture. Copies of the letter were soon circulating all over Europe, spreading news of the wondrous new land that Columbus had discovered. Columbus would make three more voyages over the next decade, establishing Spains first settlement in the New World on the island of Hispaniola. Portuguese Exploration and Spanish Conquest, Religious Upheavals in the Developing Atlantic World, New Worlds in the Americas: Labor, Commerce, and the Columbian Exchange, Colonial Rivalries: Dutch and French Colonial Ambitions, The Glorious Revolution and the English Empire, An Empire of Slavery and the Consumer Revolution, Confronting the National Debt: The Aftermath of the French and Indian War, The Stamp Act and the Sons and Daughters of Liberty, The Destruction of the Tea and the Coercive Acts, Disaffection: The First Continental Congress and American Identity, Britains Law-and-Order Strategy and Its Consequences, Common Sense: From Monarchy to an American Republic, The Constitutional Convention and Federal Constitution, Competing Visions: Federalists and Democratic-Republicans, On the Move: The Transportation Revolution, A New Political Style: From John Quincy Adams to Andrew Jackson, The Nullification Crisis and the Bank War, Free Soil or Slave? They understood that the Portuguese would soon reach Asia and, in this competitive race to reach the Far East, the Spanish rulers decided to act. They understood that the Portuguese would soon reach Asia and, in this competitive race to reach the Far East, the Spanish rulers decided to act. Christopher Columbus incorrectly believed he had found India when he landed at San Salvador in the Bahamas in 1492. Open Document. Las Meninas (The Maids of Honor), painted by Diego Velzquez in 1656, is one of the best-known paintings in history. Portuguese explorers were able to discover and conquer new worlds. Although Portugal opened the door to exploration of the Atlantic World, Spanish explorers quickly made inroads into the Americas. When Vasco de Gama found a new route to India, the Portuguese were able to trade spices and jewels. Settlements sprang up at St. Augustine, Florida, in 1565, and in New Mexico in 1609. The Portuguese also traded these slaves, introducing much-needed human capital to other European nations. In this instance, Cortes actually operated without approval from the Spanish crown or the governor of the Cuban colony because he desired a chance to make his own name and wealth without the credit going to his superiors. Under the leadership of Prince Henry the Navigator, Portugal took the principal role during most of the fifteenth century in searching for a route to Asia by sailing south around Africa. Velzquez painted himself into this imposingly large royal portrait (hes shown holding his brush and easel on the left) and boldly placed the viewer where the king and queen would stand in the scene ([link]). What were three outcomes of Spanish Exploration? In the eighteenth century, a French historian compared Spanish and Portuguese expansion in the New World in the following terms: The conquests of the Portuguese in the New World are not as pleasing on a broad view as the conquests of Mexico and Peru. flashcard sets. Any other uses, such as conference presentations, commercial training progams, news web sites or consulting reports, are FORBIDDEN. Using the explorers first name as a label for the new landmass, Waldseemuller attached America to his map of the New World in 1507, and the name stuck. 247 lessons As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 88,000 1 What was the effect of Spanish and Portuguese exploration? It results in increased costs, higher production rates, and lower . The explorers also gained new foods like corn and pineapple. Over the next two centuries, a string of explorers and conquistadors, or military conquerors, claimed territory after territory for the ever-widening Spanish empire. Spanish fleets returned from the New World with holds full of gold, silver, and precious gemstones while Spanish priests traveled the world to convert and save the souls of the native populations. Malintzin remains a controversial figure in the history of the Atlantic World; some people view her as a traitor because she helped Corts conquer the Aztecs, while others see her as a victim of European expansion. Why was exploration so important to Spain? Gold became the biggest source of income for the Portuguese crown. Perched on the southwestern part of the Iberian peninsula, Portugal turned to the boundless Atlantic Ocean as its only outlet to the wider world. During the winter of 154041, the explorers waged war against the Tiwa in present-day New Mexico. Although, this conquest took over 30 years to accomplish. Armed with these advances, Bartholomew Dias reached the tip of Africa in 1487, naming it the Cape of Good Hope. The Spanish brought Western ideals to the Americas, including economic and religious systems. It has many ports along the sea-coast excelling any in Christendomand many fine, large, flowing rivers. When Vasco de Gama found a new route to India, the Portuguese were able to trade spices and jewels. Their son, Martn, may have been the first mestizo (person of mixed indigenous American and European descent). Map showing the routes to the Far East. Hogwarts Legacy is a third-person action-adventure game with some minor RPG and exploration folded into the mix. Portuguese explorers were excellent navigators. Dutch Golden Age History & Timeline | What is the Dutch Golden Age? As Spains empire expanded and riches flowed in from the Americas, the Spanish experienced a golden age of art and literature. The Spanish established the first European settlements in the Americas, beginning in the Caribbean and, by 1600, extending throughout Central and South America. . How did Portuguese and Spanish exploration effect the people in Africa? There were different reasons for the Spanish and Portuguese exploration, with the Portuguese establishing a trading post empire to protect their goods, and Spain focusing on empire-building. Spain brought the ecomienda system to the New World to build plantations for mining and farming, a system that categorically abused the Amerindian labor force without fair trades for their gold. Eli Whitney Inventions & Facts | What Did Eli Whitney Invent? This painting illustrates the diffusion of which of the following during the Age of Exploration? The Impact of Portuguese Exploration Portugal's explorers changed Europeans' understanding of the world in several ways. Europeans longed for the luxuries of the Far East, including silks, pepper, and spices, but the Far East trade was dominated by Muslims and Venetians who hauled the goods over land, making them extremely expensive. Sugar fueled the Atlantic slave trade, and the Portuguese islands quickly became home to sugar plantations. The map shows areas of Portuguese and Spanish exploration, the two nations claims under the Treaty of Tordesillas, and a variety of flora, fauna, figures, and structures. Columbus' discoveries also shifted the reasons behind Spanish exploration from trade to empire-building and exploration. Europeans wanted to find their own trade routes and cut out the middle men, and with their better ships, maps, and navigational tools, they finally had the technology to do it. The age of exploration came along way from 15th to the 17yh century bringing along voyages, conquests, new lands, disease, religion, and the exchange of goods. The main driving forces for these pressures include the growing population associated with rapid urbanization and human settlements along the coast, industrial growth, oil exploration, production and export and the associated tanker traffic, fishing, tourism, agriculture, aquaculture and sea water desalination. As Western Europe transitioned from the regional divides of the middle ages to stronger centralized countries, kings and queens looked for ways of expanding their spheres of influence and world outlooks. The seaports there are incredibly fine, as also the magnificent rivers, most of which bear gold. Merchants then used these Atlantic outposts as debarkation points for subsequent journeys. (1531) When the Spanish and Portuguese explore to the new world it results in massive increase in the population. This involved an exchange of plants, goods, ideas, and diseases from Europe to the Americas. Such endeavors were accomplished by the conquistadors Hernan Cortes and Francisco Pizarro, who subdued the Aztec and Incan Empires in 1521 and 1533. Vespuccis widely published accounts of his voyages fueled speculation and intense interest in the New World among Europeans. In the 15th century, Spanish ships travelled all around the World carrying plants, animals, people, and goods. The results of the study allowed us to discover the characteristics of the contents which have an effect on informal learning, favoring the child's creativity and the development of abilities and. with an exploratory and descriptive study with a sample of five YouTube channels in Spanish and Portuguese aimed at early . But we can also fact-check these descriptions, whereas the Spanish court could only take them at face value. There are many spices and vast mines of gold and other metals in this island. 27 chapters | For many Europeans, the Age of Exploration signifies a time when new lands were discovered. Finally, Vasco de Gama arrived in India and came back with a nice, profitable load of spices in 1499. Portuguese success in exploration depended on maritime technological advances, especially caravel ships with lateen sails that were triangular in shape and gave Europeans the advantage of finally sailing in both directions along the African coast. Which country established the first colonies in the Americas? It also marks an increased adoption of colonialism as a government policy in several European states. What was Portugals role in the age of discovery? This island, like all the others, is most extensive. the fall of European national monarchies and the end of the power of the Catholic Church. Portuguese explorers were able to discover and conquer new worlds. Felicity Moran received a Bachelors in history from Franciscan University of Steubenville, and a Master's in history from the University of Cincinnati, where she taught at the collegiate level for two years. The trees, fruits and grasses differ widely from those in Juana. Today they highlight the difficult task of historical work; while the letters are primary sources, historians need to understand the context and the culture in which the conquistadors, as the Spanish adventurers came to be called, wrote them and distinguish their bias and subjective nature. Although the period known as the Age of Discovery, when Western Europe's conquistadors or conquerors discovered the true expanse of the globe, began with a Portuguese and Spanish desire to find ways to the Far East and the spice trade, it ended with both nations permanently expanding a myriad of trade networks and colonies on continents previously unknown. In 1533, Pizarro founded Lima, Peru. People were curious, interested, and eager for fresh experiences and observations. 5 Pages. Hernando de Soto had participated in Pizarros conquest of the Inca, and from 1539 to 1542 he led expeditions to what is today the southeastern United States, looking for gold. Motivated by curiosity, a desire to expand into new places, a longing to spread Christianity, and especially, a hope to tap into the lucrative Far East trade, Europeans of the 15th and 16th centuries looked outward and began to explore their world. answer choices. Cortes, for example, had friendly relationships with a number of natives, using them to assist in his conquest of the Aztecs, while other conquistadors focused only on subjugation and cruelty. Spain and Portugal were considered to be the major exponents of 'The Age of Discovery', stretching from the early 15 th century to mid-17 th century. The Spanish looked south in the 1530s and 1540s. However, after three years of entreaties, and, more important, the completion of the Reconquista, Ferdinand and Isabella agreed to finance Columbuss expedition in 1492, supplying him with three ships: the Nina, the Pinta, and the Santa Maria. What should we consider when we interpret these documents today? Portrait of Ferdinand Magellan. Jul 22nd, 2021 Published. The world was opening up, and people were realizing how big it really was. Sources. It took nearly a year for the Spanish and the tens of thousands of native allies who joined them to defeat the Mexica in Tenochtitln, which they did by laying siege to the city. In this context, evaluating mercury contamination in coastal sediments and mercury magnification in marine food webs is crucial for . He understood why the exploration and hunt of the surrounding was done by the Domain . In the 1500s, Spain surpassed Portugal as the dominant European power. Ten years later, Francisco Pizarro traveled to Peru where he subsequently conquered the Incan Empire situated in the Andes Mountains. However, the overthrow of the Mongols by the Ottoman Empire had closed that border as the longstanding religious differences between Christian Europe and Muslim Ottomans allowed the old conflict to disrupt the flow of trade. What was the impact of Vasco de Gamas exploration? In the 1500s they had ships called Spanish Galleons that . 5 What was Portugals role in the age of discovery? Wine and dried fruits from Algarve were sold in Flanders and England, salt from Setbal and Aveiro was a profitable export to northern Europe, and leather and kermes, a scarlet dye, were also exported. In 1492, they completed the Reconquista: the centuries-long Christian conquest of the Iberian Peninsula.